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The Iraqi Turkmens, Iraqi Azerbaijanis, or Turks of Iraq (, (トルコ語:Irak Türkmenleri/Irak Türkleri)), are the ethnic kin of the Turks and the third largest ethnic group in Iraq〔.〕〔.〕 behind Arabs and Kurds. They mainly reside in northern Iraq and share close cultural ties with Turkey, Azerbaijan Republic, Iranian Azerbaijan, and the other Turkic countries and linguistic ties with Azerbaijani, a Turkic language mutually intelligible with Istanbul Turkish, spoken mainly in Azerbaijan Republic and Iranian Azerbaijan. The Iraqi Turkmen are the descendants of various waves of Turkic migration to Mesopotamia dating from the 7th century until Ottoman rule. The first wave of migration dates back to the 7th century when some 5,000 Turkmen soldiers were recruited in the Muslim armies of Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad;〔〔.〕 however, most of today's descendants of these first migrants have been assimilated into the local Arab population.〔 The second wave of migrants were the Turks of the Great Seljuq Empire;〔 A third wave came with the Mongol destruction of the Khwarazmian dynasty, many Oghuz Turkic tribes fled to Iraq, Syria, Azerbaijan and Turkey, they became known as Kara Koyunlu(black sheep turcomans), and Ag Qoyunlu(white sheep turcomans), they ruled Iraq for several centuries until annexation by Safavids and Ottomans. Finally, the fourth wave, and largest number of Turkmen migrants into Iraq arose during the Ottoman Empire.〔 With the conquest of Iraq by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1534, followed by Sultan Murad IV's capture of Baghdad in 1638, a large influx of Turks settled down in the region.〔〔 Thus, most of today's Iraqi Turkmen are the descendants of the Ottoman soldiers, traders and civil servants who were brought into Iraq during the rule of the Ottoman Empire.〔.〕〔.〕〔.〕 Following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Iraqi Turkmen wanted Turkey to annex the Mosul Vilayet and for them to become part of an expanded Turkish state.〔.〕〔.〕 However, due to the end of the Ottoman monarchy, the Iraqi Turkmen found themselves increasingly discriminated against by policies of successive regimes, such as the Kirkuk Massacre of 1923, 1947, 1959 and in 1979 when the Ba'th Party increasingly discriminated against the community.〔 Although they were recognized as a constitutive entity of Iraq (alongside the Arabs and Kurds) in the constitution of 1925, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status.〔 Claims of their population range between 500,000 to 3 million, regardless of this uncertainty, the Iraqi Turkmen are considered to be the third or the fourth largest ethnic group in Iraq.〔.〕〔.〕〔.〕〔.〕 According to the 1957 census, which is recognized as the last reliable census, as later censuses were reflections of the Arabization policies of the Ba'ath regime,〔.〕 Arabs formed the largest ethnicity followed by Kurds (21%) and Iraqi Turkmen (2%).〔.〕 The Iraqi Turkmen predominantly live in the north of Iraq, especially in Tal Afar, Mosul, Arbil, Altunkupri, Kirkuk, and Baghdad.〔.〕 ==History== The presence of Turkic peoples in Iraq first began in the seventh century when approximately 2,000 Oghuz Turks were recruited in the Muslim armies of Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad.〔.〕 However, it was the wider migration of the Oghuz Turks towards Anatolia which took place at the end of the ninth century that established a substantial Iraqi Turkmen presence.〔.〕 Successive waves of immigration continued under the rule of the Seljuk Turks who assumed positions of military and administrative responsibilities in the Seljuk Empire. Furthermore, with the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, the conquest of northern Iraq by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1534, followed by Murad IV's capture of Baghdad in 1638, resulted in the largest number of Turkish immigration into northern Iraq.〔.〕〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iraqi Turkmen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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